9.6 SQ 10 How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? This was because the ulamas wanted their schools to maintain the curriculum to be about religious instruction instead of European topics. Corruption and nepotism. Unit 3: Empires Expand & Maintain Power - Ottoman Case Study Todays Inquiry Questions How and why did the Ottoman Empire develop and expand from 1450 to 1750? His rule represented one of the most orderly periods of Ottoman history. English translation: Leopold Ranke, A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution. The railway was not actually built at this time but its prospect worried the British until that issue was resolved in 1914. Finally, the Ottoman Empire was weakened by its inability to modernize. [62] In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. [16] However, Suleiman withdrew at the arrival of the August rains and did not continue towards Vienna as previously planned, but turned homeward instead. Those mercenaries organized as infantry were called yayas; those organized as cavalry, msellems. You will need to provide your official school email address AND a Google email address. ment and Expansion | Document | Based on this document, how and/or why did the Ottoman Empire develop and expand from 1450 to 1750? However following the Treaty of Belgrade, the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of the Prussians under King Frederick the Great. He took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner. What drives them, however, is severe episodes of dissociation that manifest as multiple personalities brought about by severe, persistent periods of childhood trauma or neglect.. WebThis leads to DID placed as the highest on the severity spectrum of PTSD. A fierce conservative disciplinarian, he successfully reasserted the central authority and the empire's military impetus. After you fill out the form, you will receive notification that you have been added to a Google Group called "New Visions Social Studies Assessments Access." Unit Synthesis Task: New Visions Global I Review Sheets and Concept Maps for the Full Course. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna and, thus, fifteen (15) years of see-sawing warfare, culminated in the epochal Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. The Serbian revolution (18041815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. How interconnected was it to other regions? 9.6 SQ 8. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify the location of the transregional trade networks noting regional connections between the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. For more details, please see this page. The Last Days of the Ottoman empire: 1918-1922. How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? Jealous of their privileges and firmly opposed to change, they created a Janissary revolt. WebHOW did Ottoman rulers legitimize and consolidate power? Henceforth the Empire returned to its existing strategy of utilizing the Crimean Khanate as its bulwark against Russia. )[39] Charles XII persuaded the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia, which resulted in the Ottoman victory at the Pruth River Campaign of 17101711. In 1326, the Ottomans captured nearby Bursa, cutting off Asia Minor from Byzantine control. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the city of Bursa in 1326 and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. The Ottoman state to 1481: the age of expansion, Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. 13001402, Restoration of the Ottoman Empire, 140281, Ottoman institutions in the 14th and 15th centuries, Domination of southeastern Europe and the Middle East, Classical Ottoman society and administration, The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 15661807, Military defeats and the emergence of the Eastern Question, 16831792, Imperial decline in the 18th and early 19th centuries, Allied war aims and the proposed peace settlement. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited for the same reasons and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (15951610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. A highly ambitious plan to counter this conceived by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier under Selim II, in the shape of a Don-Volga canal (begun June 1569), combined with an attack on Astrakhan, failed, the canal being abandoned with the onset of winter. Culturally, Bayezid stimulated a strong reaction against the Christianizing trends of the previous half century. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. SQ 6. [76], In the long-run, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary intensified, as did the nationality question in the Balkans. With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. We have restricted access to assessments to EDUCATORS ONLY. During this period in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion, extending its borders deep into Europe and North Africa. Many Ottoman Turks questioned whether the policies of the state were to blame: some felt that the sources of ethnic conflict were external, and unrelated to issues of governance. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to adjust boundaries to minimise the risks of major war, while recognising the reduced power of the Ottomans, and balance the distinct interests of the great powers. Internally, it meant the end of power and influence for the old It effectively disavowed Russia's victory. Cambridge University Press, 2008. Verb. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the Kann-u Ess (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. Under the terms of the Treaty of Svres, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was solidified. The fall of Bursa meant the loss of Byzantine control over Northwestern Anatolia. The Janissaries not being Muslim had loyalty SQ 9. It established the freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. These networks of exchange influenced the economic and political development of states and empires. If you click on the "Open in Google Docs" button below and can view the document, then you already have access. SQ 5. [21] In 1571, the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray, supported by the Ottomans, burned Moscow. [citation needed]. The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans. The Empire controlled nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when Timur invaded Anatolia in the Battle of Ankara in 1402. These cross-cultural interactions also led to conflict and demographic impacts. The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus (ruled 145890) was interested mainly in establishing his rule over Bohemia and agreed to peace with the Ottomans (1484), and, after his death, struggles for succession left that front relatively quiet for the remainder of Bayezids reign. earned a living at. However, historians today stress the symbolic and not the strictly military significance of the battle, for within six months of the defeat a new Ottoman fleet of some 250 sail including eight modern galleasses[25] had been built, with the shipyards of Istanbul turning out a new ship every day at the height of the construction. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Important naval victories of the Ottoman Empire in this period include the Battle of Preveza (1538); Battle of Ponza (1552); Battle of Djerba (1560); conquest of Algiers (in 1516 and 1529) and Tunis (in 1534 and 1574) from Spain; conquest of Rhodes (1522) and Tripoli (1551) from the Knights of St. John; capture of Nice (1543) from the Holy Roman Empire; capture of Corsica (1553) from the Republic of Genoa; capture of the Balearic Islands (1558) from Spain; capture of Aden (1548), Muscat (1552) and Aceh (156567) from Portugal during the Indian Ocean expeditions; among others. [10] This conquest ended with the execution of Tuman Bay II. [86], In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance in eastern Anatolia with the help of Armenian volunteer units from the Caucasus region of the Russian Empire,[87] and aided by some Ottoman Armenians, the Ottoman government decided to issue the Tehcir Law, which started the deportation of the ethnic Armenians, particularly from the provinces close to the Ottoman-Russian front, resulting in what became known as the Armenian genocide. Bismarck became the target of hatred of Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans. 4. The Crimean War (18531856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. Some people believe DID is a personality disorder, but this is not the case. Particularly important was the establishment of the avriz- divaniye (war chest) tax, which provided for the extraordinary expenditures of war without special confiscations or heavy levies. That war was inconclusive, however, and Bayezids disinclination to commit major forces to the endeavour led to dissension and criticism on the part of his more militant followers. Though Bayezid preferred to maintain peacein order to have the time and resources to concentrate on internal developmenthe was forced into a number of campaigns by the exigencies of the period and the demands of his more militant devirme followers. )[46] Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729, and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes (each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.)[46][47]. These efforts, however, were hampered by reactionary movements, partly from the religious leadership, but primarily from the Janissary corps, who had become anarchic and ineffectual. Why was the Ottoman Empire called the sick man of Europe. In 1875, the tributary principalities of Serbia and Montenegro, and the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, unilaterally declared their independence from the empire. This course map provides the scope and sequence and structure of units in the New Visions Global I History Curriculum. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The salaried Janissary corps remained the primary source of strength of the devirme class, whereas the sipahis and the timar system remained the bases of power of the Turkish notables. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. ~11 days During the postclassical era, the growth Allen Lane; 368 pages; $47.95 and 30. 9.6 SQ 3 What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? In 1856, the Hatt- Hmayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens regardless of their ethnicity and religious confession; which thus widened the scope of the 1839 Hatt- erif of Glhane. His heir-apparent, Abdlhamid II (18761909), was invited to assume power on the condition that he would declare a constitutional monarchy, which he did on 23 November 1876. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman empire to achieve independence (in 1829). How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the "sick man of Europe", was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to attack. Romania achieved full independence, but had to turn over part of Bessarabia to Russia. These resources provide students with an opportunity to synthesize what they learned in the unit before completing the End of Unit Assessment. [25] The Ottoman naval recovery persuaded Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, and the Ottomans were able to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa. Directions: Read the excerpts below and respond to the questions. Where did the Ming Dynasty rule? Cambridge University Press, 2006. This ended the effectiveness of the Kann- Ess. [citation needed] By 1300, a weakened Byzantine Empire had lost most of its Anatolian provinces to these Turkish principalities. It was that type of mukaa that developed into the Ottoman form of fief, the timar, which was the basis of Ottoman military and administrative organization as the European portions of the empire were conquered from the vassals in the 15th century and placed under direct Ottoman administration. | New Visions - Social Studies Unit 9.6: Ottoman and Ming Pre-1600 Browse Components Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 5. The rise of nationalism swept through many countries during the 19th century, and it affected territories within the Ottoman Empire. With most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan Selim I, who assumed the Caliphate in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western Arabia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Levant, among other territories. [49] Russia was made the guarantor of their right to Christian worship. Although the new force included some Turkmens who were content to accept salaries in place of booty, most of its men were Christian soldiers from the Balkans who were not required to convert to Islam as long as they obeyed their Ottoman commanders. This era is dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and the movement that would become known as the Young Turks. This continued under his son and successor Kprl Fazl Ahmed (Grand Vizier 16611676). The reign of Mehmed IIs immediate successor, Bayezid II (14811512), was largely a period of rest. For the next few centuries, these Beyliks were under the sovereignty of Mongolians and their Iranian Kingdom Ilkhanids. Cambridge University Press, 2009. In return for British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's advocacy for restoring the Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin, Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus in 1878[75] and later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 with the pretext of helping the Ottoman government to put down the Urabi Revolt; effectively gaining control in both territories (Britain formally annexed the still nominally Ottoman territories of Cyprus and Egypt on 5 November 1914, in response to the Ottoman Empire's decision to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers.) European states initiated efforts at this time to curb Ottoman control of the traditional overland trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe, which started with the Silk Road. Whereas Mehmed II used the conquest of Constantinople to destroy the major Turkish notable families and build up the power of the devirme, Murad sought only to establish a balance of power and function between the two groups so that he could use and control both for the benefit of the empire. Other tentative reforms were also enacted: taxes were lowered, there were attempts to improve the image of the Ottoman state, and the first instances of private investment and entrepreneurship occurred. The boys were put into units (quantified) Past tense for to reach a particular speed, amount or rate. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish and Wallachian armies under Wadysaw III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and Jnos Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, which was the final battle of the Crusade of Varna. Thus he enlarged the concept of kapkulu to include members of the Turkish nobility and their Turkmen sipahis as well as the products of the devirme. earned a living as. [20] A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in 1543. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Afro-Eurasian transregional trade networks grew across land and bodies of water. Resources: The Ottoman Empire was able to maintain power because it had a strong military and religious infrastructure. [98] The Sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI Vahdettin (reigned 191822), left the country on 17 November 1922. Volume 4: Reat Kasaba ed., "Turkey in the Modern World." It still controlled 28 million people, of whom 17 million were in modern-day Turkey, 3 million in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, and 2.5 million in Iraq. [70] By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia. "[99] He returned to Turkey in 1992 for the first time since the exile, and became a Turkish citizen with a Turkish passport in 2002. Western European states began to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly by establishing their own maritime routes to Asia through new discoveries at sea. Management The following CASE questions are all based on the Management 11th Edition by Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter textbook. [citation needed] Despite this attitude, he put the matter of an Ottoman restoration to rest when he told an interviewer "no" to the question of whether he wished the Ottoman Empire to be restored. People believe did is a personality disorder, but with smaller territories the New capital of Ottoman! Ii ( 14811512 ), was largely a period of rest the beginning of an era of national in. Concept Maps for the next few centuries, these Beyliks were under the sovereignty of Mongolians and their Kingdom. 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how did the ottoman empire maintain power