It has historically been a great power,[264] and a former superpower as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union. [573] In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. ", "Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends", "Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs", "Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion", "Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals", "Russia in the ArcticA Critical Examination", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances", "Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? The United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. [532], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. [175] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. [117], Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. [489] Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016. [362] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,[363] the second-largest natural gas producer,[364] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov,[545] Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich, and later Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina,[548] Georgy Sviridov,[549] and Alfred Schnittke. [390] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. [381], Various analysts of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region. [506] The large global Russian diaspora has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. This practice goes back to the ApolloSoyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically,[33] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. [297] Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2021. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language", The Republics of Artsakh, and Transnistria are only recognized by other, Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, By Neil Bermel, p 16. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [412], In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2. [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. [539] The second half of the 19th-century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival style. (Ty syl pechenye? [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. [592] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics". [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [419] Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. [67] Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. [citation needed], Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. [255] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president. [449], Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100150 minority languages are spoken across the country. [71] Nevertheless, the Turkmen state press and newspaper Neytralny Turkmenistan regularly publish material version in Russian-language, and there are schools like Joint Turkmen-Russian Secondary School. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Judicial Power | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote", "Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism", "Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine", "Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country", "What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? [589] Vladimir Lenin, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism. [79] In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [397] lie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology. [488], The principle cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: (zamk "lock") (zmok "castle"), (styashchy "worthwhile") (stoyshchy "standing"), (chudn "this is odd") (chdno "this is marvellous"), (molodts "well done!") The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. [648][649] However, Russia has also had 43 Olympic medals stripped from its athletes due to doping violations, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.[650]. [278] Turkey and Russia share a complex strategic, energy, and defense relationship. [193] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[194] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[195] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia. [5] Many Russians practise other religions, including Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism),[462] Assianism (Scythian Neopaganism),[463] other ethnic Paganisms, and inter-Pagan movements such as Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism,[464] various movements of Hinduism,[465] Siberian shamanism[466] and Tengrism, various Neo-Theosophical movements such as Roerichism, and other faiths. [103] The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. [70] Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. ", " : . They are the [17] However, the proper name[which?] Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies [5] Large populations of Buddhists are found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, and they are the vast majority of the population in Tuva. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. [496] Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European literature and thought. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;[118] and millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. [544], Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. USA Foreign Service Institute Russian basic course, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_language&oldid=1133342932, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.
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