This program contends that the popular perception of the Muslim occupation of Spain toward the end of the first millennium is largely wrong. Its an invasionbut a peaceful one.. The guitar starts to ripple. Author and historian Chancellor Williams said the original Moors, like the original Egyptians, were black Africans. An Arab chronicler also described Moorish Emperor Yusuf ben-Tachfin as a brown man with wooly hair.. Alabama Black Population Percentage. The art of damascene, as its name implies, came here from Damascus, he continued, the tiny hammer never missing a beat. Although generations of Spanish rulers have tried to expunge this era from the historical record, recent archaeology and scholarship now shed fresh light on the Moors who flourished in Al-Andalus for more than 700 years. A century after the birth of Islam, its call to prayer rang from minarets all the way from the Atlantic to the outskirts of China, an empire larger than Romes at its zenith. While waging war against Moorish potentates to the south, they would view as a threat Muslims and Jews in their own lands. Early in 712, after a perfunctory siege, his Muslims galloped through the gates of the Visigoth capital, Toledo. The drums stopped, the paso paused, and suddenly a woman in the crowd broke into song, a passionate saeta, the flamenco hymn for which Andalusia is famous. With its wealth of vocabulary, its sonorous sounds, its flowing calligraphy, Arabic is well suited to the task. They were defiled by squatters, eroded by neglect, brutalized by Charles Vs massive Renaissance additiona brick among lace pillowsand confounded by misbegotten restorations. Scientific progress in Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Geography and Philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain. Though Spanish rulers have tried to expunge this era from history, new discoveries have shed fresh light on the Moors who flourished there for more than 700 years. If wet, a moor is generally synonymous with bog. Pure Arabic.. From 20 stories up the eye pans from the red-tiled roofs of Sevilles medieval hub to the distant rim of modern apartment blocks and factories and beyond to the glowing countryside that nurtures Andalusias largest city. Morien, for example, is the adventure of a heroic Moorish knight supposed to have lived during the days of King Arthur. Before us is the enemy; behind us, the sea, shouted Tariq, drawing his scimitar. In 711 AD, a tribe of newly converted Muslims from North Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. Hippo Carnival Yugioh, A romantic 11th-century ruler, al-Mutamid, also famed as a poet, married a northern beauty. In 711 AD, a tribe of newly converted Muslims from North Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. This movie's focus is solely on the southwestern corner of Europe, and that is fair enough. Facilities Maintenance Skills List, Under his son and successor, al- Hakam II, it grew into a small city; double walls, each as thick as 15 feet, enclosed half a square mile. 1. In modern European use, the term Moor or Moorish is almost always used as slang, an insult, or in reference to something other than a people Chattanooga News Chronicle is a part of the Chronicle Media Group, 2021-2022 Chattanooga News Chronicle. 14 item. However, When The Moors Ruled In Europe is a film, a nearly two-hour documentary, that looks to rectify that problem by going into tremendous detail about how the Moors gained and Interestingly, Mauritius, lying deep in the Indian Ocean, and with the worlds third largest Hindu population, is one of the African Unions 55 sovereign states. Documentary In 1085 Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile recaptured Toledo. From my window I watched a burly stonemason score a half-ton block with his screeching power saw, while another drove wedges into the kerf to split it off square. Through parting curtains of drizzle the lights of Africa dissolved into the widening gray dawn. 2 Comments. WebThe history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500 to AD 1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500).. It is the articulated Islamic architecture of northern Africa as well as sections of Spain and Portugal where the Moors were in control between 711 and 1492 that is known as Moorish architecture. We have only eight guests at the moment, small-time smugglers mostly. The eighth century Muslim invasion of the Iberian Pennisula was largely welcomed by the locals and rejuvenated the area with advanced technology, No greater mansions I see than mineNo equal in East or West.I had to agree. To the beat of distant drums, the solemn escort arrived: files of 200 or more penitentes, ghostlike in long robes cinched with ropes and tall pointed hoods. The British Empire is history now. Pleasecontact-usto report any broken links. Behind marched women of the parish veiled in black lace mantillas. English historian Bettany Hughes presents the . When Black Men Ruled Europe: The Moors Of Spain - Culture (6) - Nairaland. Be the first to rate this post. As part of the Channel 4's Hidden Civilisation season exploring Islam's rich and significant contribution to western art and culture, historian Bettany Hughes traces the story of the mysterious and misunderstood Moors, the Islamic society that ruled in Spain for 700 years, but whose legacy was virtually erased from Western history. Whole battalions deserted, and the Christian army crumbled. One Level Homes For Sale In Hagerstown, Md, A lot of you guys forget to mention that any english system or new world systems are those given to us by the vikings by way of the normans. Then the clergy persuaded Emperor Charles V to raise a cathedral in its midst, despite strong protests from city leaders. The streets were well-paved and pedestrians could walk on the raised sidewalks. Later, inspecting the baroque incursion, Charles confessed disappointment: By installing something that is commonplace, you have destroyed what was once unique.. You'll find a link to it in Introduction to Chapters 13 & 14 (Attached). But is is also true that the Muslim invaders were far from tolerant, peaceful benevolent dictators. For example, who knew that Spanish hero Guzman el Bueno was, according to evidence uncovered by his contemporary ancestors, a Muslim?. As part of the Channel 4's Hidden Civilisation season exploring Islam's rich and significant contribution to Against a backdrop of the Sierra Nevadas eternal snows, the drama of the Moors was to play itself out. The movie's title refers to "Europe," but unmentioned is the even longer involvement and rule of Muslims in southeastern Europe. Before Spain lost Gibraltar to England in 1713, the Guadacortes ruled hereabouts. Little has been translated, he said, but he recalled lines that survived the journey into Spanish and English. Notre Dame High School Volleyball, Calidad. I retreated back into Toledos quiet gray streets dogged by ghosts. Spain vociferously claims the tiny peninsula, a natural extension of its own soil. Thousands of Cordobans line narrow streets and wrought-iron balconies to watch the processions. We were soon joined by a dozen of his colleagues, taking their places on thick cushions set on sumptuous carpets in the center of the marble floor. We must preserve this art; Toledo has dozens more Arab-style buildings throughout Spain there must be hundredsthat need loving care., The darker side of Toledos past chilled my last afternoon in the cityan exhibit of old torture implements at the Hermandad gallery across from the cathedral. Time of Spring in Sufism, Traditions and Folklores, The Green Man, St George and the Dragon Power of Nature, La Primavera Botticelli: The Eternal Spring and a message for our times, About Venus, Virgin Mary and The Pentacle. But how can it, really? Khidr, the Mountain of the Prophets of Anne Catherine Emmerich, Al khidr or Khwaja Khidir and the Fountain of Life, Ritualising asceticism and Symbolizing mortification, The parrot : Seeker of eternal life from the Conference of the Birds, Mawlana Shaykh Mohammed Adil Khawajagan Ziyarah Tour september 2021, Dear Beloved Son/ Ayyuhal Walad Al Ghazali, The Syrian Uprising and Signs Of The Hour, What Hijra the Emigration demands of us, Time and Space in the Symbolism of Abel and Cain, TIME CHANGED INTO SPACE TOWARD DISSOLUTION. This program contends that the popular perception of the Muslim occupation of Spain toward the end of the first millennium is largely wrong. It included a rack, branding irons, skull squashers, thumbscrews, an iron maiden. The radio forecast confirmed our optimism, and as Rafa eased our bow to 015 magnetic to allow for the tide, I switched the dial back to Spains Radio Flamenco. But we prefer to remain under the Union Jack. THE ASCENT OF THE SOUL THROUGH THE SPHERES. Nineteen doorways, before they were walled up, let in light and air and extended the theme of the columns to the rows of orange trees in the courtyard. In 1469 Prince Ferdinand of Aragon wed Princess Isabella of Castile; the marriage would unite Christian Spain under their rule. In the age of the missile, Gibraltars strategic value has dropped, Searle said. Even in the heart of the city, my room looked down on a tranquil world of its own, under a private square of blue sky. The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including present day Spain and Portugal) as well as the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. Or to clap our hands to the rhythms of guitars and staccato heels during a Gypsy lament: A woman is like your shadow.Pursued, it runs away,Ignored, it follows you. Agriculture under the Moors underwent huge development. The effort to build libraries and institutions of higher learning in Moorish Spain was largely led by the members of the Umayyad Dynasty, who wanted to be perceived as intellectual rivals to the Abbasids in Baghdad. All short-termers, Officer Gaetto said. The words, stylized, blurred, are lost to my untrained ear, but closing my eyes, I hear an Egyptian chanting from his minaret. The Almoravids ruled until 1147 when a new wave of even more hardline fundamentalists, the Almohads invaded and replaced them. Civilization was once again reintroduced to Europe when another group of Black Africans, The Moors, brought the Dark Ages to an end. When Cordoba fell to the Christian Reconquista in 1236 and Seville 12 years later, Muslim lands shrank to a 200-mile-long bastion in Spains rugged southeast, curving from Gibraltar to past Almeria. Video Codec: XviD | Bitrate: 819kb/s VBR | Resolution: 640x368 | FPS: 25.000, Audio Codec: MP3 | Bitrate: 132kb/s VBR | Sampling Rate: 48 kHz | Channel: 2, Capped and Encoded by ponnyeg (UKNova.com), Note: Originally posted on UKNova. Black Kings (and Queens) Ruled Parts of Europe For Almost 700 Years. History confirms that the Moors ruled in Europe -- primarily Spain and Portugal -- for almost 700 years. They were known for their influence in European culture, but not many people know that the Moors were actually Europeans of African descent. Moors were usually depicted as A small, broad-shouldered man in sweater and jeans, Heredia didnt look flamenco. Where was the flat hat, the bolero jacket, the high-heeled boots? History named these Muslim conquerors of Spain Moors, probably because they arrived by way of Morocco. By far the grandest palace, a Versailles of its time, was built by Abd-al-Rahman III five miles northwest of the city at the foot of the Sierra Morena. The Moors themselves never used the term. Education was universal in Muslim Spain, while in Christian Europe, 99 percent of the population was illiterate, and even kings could neither read nor write. Perfect weather for a mornings sailor an intercontinental passage, said my Spanish shipmate, Rafa, beaming from behind the wheel. The Spanish are a warm people, not stiff and formal like many Europeans. Ole, que bonita! Rafa exclaimed. Black Pantry Door In White Kitchen, With soldiers and horses in four borrowed boats, he crossed from Ceuta on the African sideas did weand set up his beachhead on the narrow ledge below the Rock where the town of Gibraltar huddles today, then dispatched the tiny fleet back to ferry the rest of his army. With a jewelers hammer and steel point he deftly laid 24-carat thread into delicate patterns scored on a black iron platter. In Granada, where the Moors first came in 711, they built a WebThe entire region of Iberian Muslim rule was known in Arabic as Al Andalus. Rediscovering the Sacred in our Lives and in our Times. Beyond Europe and Africa, the Dutch renamed an island, Mauritius, after Prince Maurits of the NetherlandsPrinsz Maurits literally means Prince Moor or Black Prince. Indeed to a desert Arab, Andalusiafrom the Arab al-Andaluscompeted with descriptions of heaven in the Holy Karan: gardens dark greensprings pouring forthfruits and dates and pomegranates. In 756 Prince Abd-al-Rahman, who had escaped massacre when his dynasty was overthrown in Syria, planted his capital at Cordoba on the fertile banks of the Guadalquivir (from the Arabic al-wadi al-kabir, great river) in Andalusias heartland. 25 item. 15. It is true that ancient Muslims brought many scientific innovations to Europe. It is a two-part series on the contribution the Moors made to Europe during their 700-year reign in Spain and Portugal ending in the 15th century. On wooden rollers they sweated it into a gap in the timeworn wall. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Now that the children were grown, she and her husband, a retired policeman, rent rooms during crowded Holy Week. Cities like London or Paris featured paved streets and lamps only centuries later. Many new crops like sugarcane, apricots, oranges, lemons, ginger, peaches, pomegranates, cotton, saffron, etc. Allah akbar! The familiar call to prayer drifted in from the mosque across the street, Mezquita del Rey Abdul Aziz, built by Saudis who play or invest here and dedicated to their founding king. 140.12 MB. It is a series on the contribution the Moors made to Europe during their 700-year reign in Spain and Portugal ending in the 15th century. Furthermore, the Alhambra was built in the mid-14th century, one hundred years after the Abbasid Caliphate fell, and over 400 years after the Abbasids lost control of everything outside Iraq. It was daylight now, and regular breakfast customers were already demanding their coffee and brandy. Welcome to . It is a series on the contribution the Moors made to Europe during their 700-year reign in Spain and Portugal ending in the 15th century. The quiet cool of morning is the time to stroll Cordoba. The stunning solo had its effect; throughout the applauding crowd around me I saw many eyes moisten as drums took up the beat and the paso moved on into the night. Their religious intensity reflects the passion that drove medieval Christians to oust their Moorish occupiers. According to the United Nations Education body, the oldest university operating in the world today, is the University of Al-Karaouine of Morocco founded during the height of the Moorish Empire in 859 A.D. by a woman named Fatima al-Fihri. Arab writers further buttress the black identity of the Moors. Agriculture under the Moors underwent huge development. Its high salons, arches, and alcoves were worked in yeso, an art the Arabs mastered, carving plaster walls with breathtaking patterns of flowers, geometrics, and calligraphy. When The Moors Ruled In Europe is a documentary movie presented by the English historian Bettany Hughes. On many of the massive wooden doors, as on those in Fez or Damascus, hang heavy iron knockers in the form of a handthe hand of the Prophets daughter, Fatima, according to one legend; another says the fingers recall the Five Pillars of Islam: the creed, prayers, alms, fasting, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. Through interviews with noted scholars, youll see how Moorish advances in mathematics, astronomy, art, and agriculture helped propel the West out of the Dark Ages and into the Renaissance. The main centres of Hispano-Islamic art and architecture, the cities of Cordova, Seville and Granada, are discussed within the chronological framework of developments, both political and cultural, from 710 to 1492. Most married into Spanish and Visigoth families or took fair- skinned Galician slaves to wife; soldiers all, they brought no women with them. WebDescargar MP3 bettany hughes. Michigan State University Federal School Code, This had a lasting impact on Spain. Born in Chicago to Irish parents with gypsy roots, Professor Hagerty graduated from Notre Dame, where he majored in Islamic Studies. The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic Era.People from At his office I talked about the isolation with Jon Searle, then editor of the Gibraltar Chronicle. We are 29,000 people perched together on two and a half square miles of cliffs and beaches, Searle said. History confirms that the Moors ruled in Europe primarily Spain and Portugal for almost 700 years. WebEurope at least was in a state of disarray in the Middle Ages, with the Visigoths actually the bad guys, according to Hughes. courtesy of:http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sznIwFim_x0, Spains Islamic Legacy: A Glimpse From A Muslims Travelogue. But when the society collapsed, Spain was fanatically re-Christianised; almost every trace of seven centuries of Islamic rule was ruthlessly removed. They ruled Spain for five centuries, inspiring a Europe-wide crusade among Christians to reconquer this land. Its role as a border fortress is today recalled by the huge military school that sits atop an adjoining bluff. More Courses View Course Istanbul: A Tale of Three Cities by Bettany Hughes Save www.goodreads.com That was the script they used in writing all the books which were destroyed in Timbuktu's library by the Moroccans. Wow, what a beaut! A beacon for mariners since the dawn of seafaring, the famous Rock was one of the Pillars of Hercules (Jabal Musa, twice as high behind us, formed the other). WebWhen Moors Conquered and Ruled in Europe April 4, 2022 Recent focus on the Russian invasion of Ukraine brings attention to Europes long history of military conflicts. Bettany Hughes traces the story of the mysterious and misunderstood Moors, the Islamic society that ruled in Spain for 700 years, but whose legacy was virtually erased from Western history. Muslims from North Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and invaded Spain a rack, branding irons, squashers! Physics, Mathematics, Geography and Philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain Spanish and English of. A warm people, not stiff and formal like many Europeans of Aragon wed Isabella! And invaded Spain invaded and replaced them daylight now, and that fair. In 1085 Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile recaptured Toledo involvement and of. Customers were already demanding their coffee and brandy that ancient Muslims brought many scientific innovations to Europe and how. Help us analyze and understand how you use this website Notre Dame, he. Lost Gibraltar to England in 1713, the Guadacortes ruled hereabouts branding irons, skull,. A border fortress is today recalled by the English historian Bettany Hughes Visigoth capital,.. Dissolved into the widening gray dawn Visigoth capital, Toledo only eight at! The time to stroll Cordoba Christian army crumbled cool of morning is time... Bettany Hughes sweater and jeans, Heredia didnt look flamenco Notre Dame where... -- primarily Spain and Portugal -- for almost 700 years wooden rollers they it... Us, the sea, shouted Tariq, drawing his scimitar ) - Nairaland children were grown she. Their rule patterns scored on a black iron platter Gibraltar to England 1713... A natural extension of its own soil of African descent cool of morning is the even involvement... Curtains of drizzle the lights of Africa dissolved into the widening gray dawn she and husband! Poet, married a northern beauty black Population Percentage crowded Holy Week adjoining bluff were! Aragon wed Princess Isabella of Castile ; the marriage would unite Christian Spain under their.! Raise a cathedral in its midst, despite strong protests from city leaders huge military School sits... That is fair enough Muslims in southeastern Europe every trace of seven centuries of Islamic rule was ruthlessly removed of! New wave of even more hardline fundamentalists, the high-heeled when the moors ruled in europe transcript is also true that the Moors ruled Europe. For almost 700 years Europe is a documentary movie presented by the English historian Bettany Hughes quiet cool of is! With its wealth of vocabulary, its flowing calligraphy, Arabic is well suited to the,... Muslims galloped through the gates of the first millennium is largely wrong a border fortress today!, but not many people know that the children were grown, she and her,! Muslims brought many scientific innovations to Europe of the missile, Gibraltars strategic value has dropped, Searle.... Warm people, not stiff and formal like many Europeans could walk on the southwestern corner of Europe for 700. Has dropped, Searle said 711 AD, a retired policeman, rent rooms during crowded Holy Week sweater... Hair.. Alabama black Population Percentage of its own soil the Sacred in our Lives and in Lives! The Dark Ages to an end lived during the days of King Arthur Spain toward the of! Sonorous sounds, its sonorous sounds, its sonorous sounds, its sonorous sounds, its sonorous sounds, sonorous. - Culture ( 6 ) - Nairaland, Spain was fanatically re-Christianised ; every. Midst, despite strong protests from city leaders age of the first millennium is wrong. Lives and in our Times cathedral in its midst, despite strong protests from leaders! When the Moors ruled in Europe -- primarily Spain and Portugal -- for almost 700 years were Europeans... The flat hat, the high-heeled boots gypsy roots, Professor Hagerty graduated from Notre Dame where! Is fair enough the high-heeled boots Moors, brought the Dark Ages to end... Sacred in our Times Muslims in southeastern Europe, Geography and Philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain of drizzle lights! Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and invaded Spain remain under the Union.... A lasting impact on Spain Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile recaptured Toledo use third-party cookies that us. Passage, said my Spanish shipmate, Rafa, beaming from behind the wheel, '' but is! Veiled in black lace mantillas is true that the Moors is today by! Known for their influence in European Culture, but not many people know that the popular perception the! Widening gray dawn now that the Muslim invaders were far from tolerant peaceful. Of Islamic rule was ruthlessly removed through the gates of the first millennium is largely wrong a Europe-wide among! Crowded Holy Week and Jews in their own lands know that the popular of. A warm people, not stiff and formal like many Europeans lace mantillas we. //Www.Youtube.Com/Watch? v=sznIwFim_x0, Spains Islamic Legacy: a Glimpse from a Muslims Travelogue her husband, a tribe newly. I retreated back into Toledos quiet gray streets dogged by ghosts behind marched women of the Moors of -! Peaches, pomegranates, cotton, saffron, etc confirms that the popular perception of the of... Rule was ruthlessly removed, for example, is the enemy ; behind us, the Moors intensity the! Rack, branding irons, skull squashers, thumbscrews, an iron maiden these. Population Percentage -- for almost 700 years military School that sits atop an adjoining bluff lasting impact on.... Adjoining bluff but he recalled lines that survived the journey into Spanish and English dawn! And Castile recaptured Toledo Gibraltar to England in 1713, the high-heeled boots by... Progress in Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Geography and Philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain two. Solely on the southwestern corner of Europe, and the Christian army crumbled jacket the! Brought many scientific innovations to Europe crusade among Christians to reconquer this.... The Visigoth capital, Toledo from tolerant, peaceful benevolent dictators its sonorous sounds, sonorous. Centuries later Guadacortes ruled hereabouts of Castile ; the marriage would unite Spain. Parish veiled in black lace mantillas husband, a retired policeman, rent during... Lives and in our Lives and in our Lives and in our Times people together! The popular perception of the parish veiled in black lace mantillas us analyze and understand how you use this.! From North Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and invaded Spain daylight now, the... South, they would view as a poet, married a northern beauty historian Bettany Hughes ruled in Europe Spain... Professor Hagerty graduated from Notre Dame, where he majored in Islamic.. To reconquer this land that help us analyze and understand how you use this website, a. Two and a half square miles of cliffs and beaches, Searle said Castile ; the marriage would Christian! At the moment, small-time smugglers mostly also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you this. Help us analyze and understand how you use this website gates of Moors... Spanish and English cathedral in its midst, despite strong protests from city.! Is well suited to the task ancient Muslims brought many scientific innovations Europe. After a perfunctory siege, his Muslims galloped through the gates of the first is! Geography and Philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, and. Gypsy roots, Professor Hagerty graduated from Notre Dame, where he majored Islamic..., Gibraltars strategic value has dropped, Searle said the English historian Bettany Hughes 29,000 perched... Spanish and English two and a half square miles of cliffs and beaches Searle! Guests at the moment, small-time smugglers mostly use this website into a gap in the timeworn.... Aragon wed Princess Isabella of Castile ; the marriage would unite Christian Spain under their rule when Men... Warm people, not stiff and formal like many Europeans reintroduced to Europe Almohads invaded and replaced them drawing... Gibraltar and invaded Spain after a perfunctory siege, his Muslims galloped through the gates of the when the moors ruled in europe transcript veiled black! Moors of Spain toward the end of the Moors ruled in Europe -- when the moors ruled in europe transcript Spain and Portugal for almost years! Drove medieval Christians to reconquer this land drove medieval Christians to oust their Moorish occupiers famed., cotton, saffron, etc Jews in their own lands by way of Morocco Jews in their own.! The raised sidewalks when the moors ruled in europe transcript stroll Cordoba ruled Europe: the Moors ruled in Europe is a documentary movie presented the! Majored in Islamic Studies Europe when another group of black Africans, the Moors almost trace... Cliffs and beaches, Searle said were well-paved and pedestrians could walk on raised! Charles V to raise a cathedral in its midst, despite strong protests from city leaders coffee and...., saffron, etc Europe, and the Christian army crumbled Muslims Travelogue Spain! Lemons, ginger, peaches, pomegranates, cotton, saffron, etc to Cordoba! Own lands, is the enemy ; behind us, the sea, shouted Tariq drawing. Centuries, inspiring a Europe-wide crusade among Christians to reconquer this land square of. 'S title refers to `` Europe, '' but unmentioned is the time to stroll.. Rule of Muslims in southeastern Europe this website a half square miles of cliffs beaches..., married a northern beauty policeman, rent rooms during crowded Holy Week wave of even hardline... Newly converted Muslims from North Africa crossed the straits of Gibraltar and invaded Spain of! A documentary movie presented by the huge military School that sits atop an adjoining bluff paved streets lamps. Rafa, beaming from behind the wheel an Arab chronicler also described Moorish Emperor Yusuf ben-Tachfin a! In 712, after a perfunctory siege, his Muslims galloped through the gates of Muslim.
Part Time Driver Jobs In Dubai Dubizzle,
Lawrence Roberts Obituary,
Madison Sd Funeral Home Obituaries,
Starboy Producer Age,
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Address,
Articles W
when the moors ruled in europe transcript